21 Adverbs
Manner adverbs: pvfnēn ‘fast’
- A manner adverb describes how an action is carried out. They are formed from adjectives by adding -n.
- cvyayvkē
- ‘quiet’
- cvyayvkēn
- ‘quietly’
- herē
- ‘good’
- herēn
- ‘well’
- kvncvpē
- ‘low’
- kvncvpēn
- ‘low (adverb)’
- lvpkē
- ‘quick’
- lvpkēn
- ‘quickly’
- pvfnē
- ‘fast’
- pvfnēn
- ‘fast (adverb)’
- yekcicē
- ‘loud’
- yekcicēn
- ‘loudly’
- Manner adverbs usually come before the verb.
- Tim cvyayvkēn ’punayes.
- ‘Tim is talking quietly.’
- Rakkuecēn ’punvyvs!
- ‘Talk louder!’
- Herēn yvhikes.
- ‘He/she is singing well.’
- Herekon yvhikes.
- ‘He/she is singing poorly.’
- Kvncvpēn tvmkes.
- ‘It’s flying low.’
- Hvlwēn tvmkes.
- ‘It’s flying high.’
- Pvfnēn letkvs!
- ‘Run fast!’
- Pvfne-mahekon yvkvpvs!
- ‘Walk slower!’
- Orēn vpēlis.
- ‘He was laughing a lot.’
- Yekcicēn ’punvyvs!
- ‘Talk loudly!’
- Vhericēn ’punvyvs!
- ‘Talk softly!’
- Lvpkēn nekēyvs!
- ‘Move quickly!’
- Ląpkusen vyvs!
- ‘Go right away!’
- Sometimes a manner adverb in English is expressed instead with a verb in Mvskoke.
- Vhericēt opunvyvs!
- ‘Talk carefully/being careful!’
- Vcayēcet opunvyvs!
- ‘Talk respectfully/being respectful!’
Words like this take -t. They imply more active effort on the part of the subject.
Time adverbs: paksen ‘tomorrow’
- A time adverb describes when an action takes place. Time adverbs usually come at the beginning of a sentence.
- Paksvnkē cokvn oh-onayvyvnks.
- ‘Yesterday I read a book.’
- Hiyowat cokvn oh-onayis.
- ‘Now I am reading a book.’
- Mucv-nettv cokvn oh-onayis.
- ‘Today I am reading a book.’
- Paksen cokvn oh-onvyarēs.
- ‘Tomorrow I will read a book.’
- Time adverbs can become descriptive of specific times. The following are for future times.
- Rvfo omof vyarēs.
- ‘I will go in winter.’
- Heyv yafkof(vn) vyarēs.
- ‘I will go this evening.’
- Yafkof(vn) rorarēs.
- ‘I will get there in the evening.’
- Svnte orat vyarēs.
- ‘I will go this coming Sunday.’
- Svnte hvmkat vyarēs.
- ‘I will go this Sunday/in one Sunday.’
- Hvthvyatken mvn rorarēs.
- ‘I will get there in the morning.’
- Hvthvyatkusen mvn rorarēs.
- ‘I will get there right at daybreak.’
- Fvccvlik hoyanof mvn rorarēs.
- ‘I will get there in the afternoon.’
- Svnte rvparvmkat vyarēs.
- ‘I will go next Sunday.’
- Svnte ’svhokkolat vyarēs.
- ‘I will go next Sunday.’ (another way)
- ’Tvcak-hvmkat vyarēs.
- ‘I will go next week.’
- Ohrolopē hvmkat vyarēs.
- ‘I will go next year.’
- Hvte mahusan alihkit vyarēs.
- ‘I will get up early and go.’
- Pakse hvte mahusat mvn vyarēs.
- ‘I will go early the next day.’
- The word mucv ‘this (time)’ is used for a current or upcoming time.
- nettv
- ‘day’
- mucv-nettv
- ‘today’
- mucv-nerē
- ‘tonight’
- mucv hvthvyvtke
- ‘this morning’
Mucv can also be used by itself to mean ‘this next time’.
- Time adverbs for earlier today or last night use -isē on the adverb. This suffix is related to the Past 1 suffix on verbs.
- Nereyisē ahyis.
- ‘I went last night.’
- Hvthvyvtkeyisēn ahyeys.
- ‘I went this morning.’
- Yafkisē ahyis.
- ‘I went yesterday evening.’
- Time adverbs referring to earlier than last night use -vnkē. This suffix is related to the Past 2 suffix on verbs, but its use in adverbs is much broader.
- Svnte hoyanvnkē ayvyvnks.
- ‘I went last Sunday.’
- ’Tvcak hvmkvnkē mvn ayvyvnks.
- ‘I went last week/a week ago.’
- Ohrolopē-vnkē mvn ayvyvnks.
- ‘I went a year ago.’
- Ohrolopē hvmkvnkē mvn ayvyvnks.
- ‘I went one year ago.’
- The most common time adverb is hvtvm ‘again’ (usually pronounced hvtą). It can be translated different ways, including ‘and’, ‘and then’, and ‘also’.
