II. Counterpoint and Galant Schemas
First-Species Counterpoint
Kris Shaffer and Mark Gotham
Key Takeaways
- First-species counterpoint is a traditional compositional exercise that teaches beginning musicians to consider how to start and end melodic lines, and most importantly, how to keep them independent of each other.
- When writing in first species, follow these rules:
- Begin on a perfect unison, fifth, or octave.
- Both voices move at exactly the same rate and have no rhythmic variety (for example, all notes are whole notes).
- Harmonically, the intervals between the two voices are all consonances.
- Melodically, prefer stepwise motion and leap only occasionally. Melodic leaps of a tritone or seventh are forbidden.
- Parallel perfect consonances are forbidden.
- End with a perfect unison or octave.
- This chapter presents additional guidelines that will help in writing a successful first-species counterpoint.
Counterpoint is the mediation of two or more musical lines into a meaningful and pleasing whole. In first-species counterpoint, we not only write a smooth melody that has its own integrity of shape, variety, and goal-directed motion, but we also write a second melody that contains these traits. Further, and most importantly, we combine these melodies to create a whole texture that is smooth, that exhibits variety and goal-oriented motion, and in which these melodies both maintain their independence and fuse together into consonant simultaneities (the general term for two or more notes sounding at the same time).
In first-species counterpoint, we begin with a cantus firmus (new or existing) and compose a single new line—called the counterpoint—above or below it. That new line contains one note for every note in the cantus: both the cantus firmus and the counterpoint will be all whole notes. Thus, first species is sometimes called “one-against-one” or 1:1 counterpoint.
The Counterpoint Line
In general, the counterpoint should follow the principles of writing a good cantus firmus discussed in the previous chapter, Introduction to Species Counterpoint. There are some minor differences, to be discussed below, but generally a first-species counterpoint should consist of two cantus-firmus-quality lines.
counterpoint line either above or below. We’ve annotated each one with the interval that the counterpoint line makes with the cantus firmus. For the complete examples from Gradus ad Parnassum as exercises, solutions, and annotations, see Gradus ad Parnassum Exercises.
shows the complete exercises of first-species counterpoint from Part I of Gradus ad Parnassum. Each example sees one of the cantus firmi we’ve already met combined with a new
Beginning and Ending
Beginning a first-species counterpoint
Note that each exercise in perfect consonance. This creates a sense of stability at the opening of the line.
begins with aWhen writing a counterpoint above a cantus firmus, the first note of the counterpoint should be do [latex](\hat1)[/latex] or sol [latex](\hat5)[/latex] (a P1, P5, or P8 above the cantus).
When writing a counterpoint below a cantus firmus, the first note of the counterpoint must always be on the modal final, do [latex](\hat1)[/latex] (P1 or P8 below the cantus firmus). Beginning on sol [latex](\hat5)[/latex] would create a dissonant fourth; beginning on fa [latex](\hat4)[/latex] would create a P5 but confuse listeners about the tonal context, since fa–do [latex](\hat4-\hat1)[/latex] at the beginning of a piece is easily misheard as do–sol [latex](\hat1-\hat5)[/latex].
Ending a first-species counterpoint
The final note of the counterpoint must always be do [latex](\hat1)[/latex] (P1 or P8 above/below the cantus).
To approach this ending smoothly, with variety, and with strong goal orientation, always approach the final interval by contrary stepwise motion, as follows:
- If the cantus ends re–do [latex](\hat2-\hat1)[/latex], the counterpoint’s final two pitches should be ti–do [latex](\hat7-\hat1)[/latex].
- If the cantus ends ti–do [latex](\hat7-\hat1)[/latex], the counterpoint’s final two pitches should be re–do [latex](\hat2-\hat1)[/latex].
Thus, the penultimate bar will either be a third or a sixth between the two lines (clausula vera. The exercises in each end with a clausula vera.
). This ending formula is known as the
Independence of the Lines
Like the cantus firmus, the counterpoint line should have a single climax. To maintain the independence of the lines and the smoothness of the entire passage (so no one moment is hyper-emphasized by a double climax), these climaxes should not coincide.penultimate
A single repeat/tie in the counterpoint is allowed, but try to avoid repeating at all. This promotes variety in the exercise, since there are so few notes to begin with.
Avoid voice crossing. Voice crossings diminish the independence of the lines and make them more difficult to distinguish by ear.
Avoid voice overlap, where one voice leaps past the previous note of the other voice. For example, if the upper part sings an E4, the lower part cannot sing an F4 in the following bar. This also helps maintain the independence of the lines.
Intervals and Motion
The interval between the cantus firmus and counterpoint at any moment should not exceed a perfect twelfth (octave plus fifth). In general, try to keep the two lines within an octave where possible, and only exceed a tenth in “emergencies” and only briefly (one or two notes). When the voices are too far apart, tonal fusion is diminished. Further, it can diminish performability, which, though not an essential principle of human cognition, is an important consideration for composers, and it has a direct effect on the smoothness, melodic integrity, and tonal fusion of what listeners hear during a performance.
In general, all harmonic consonances are allowed. However, unisons should only be used for the first and last intervals. Unisons are very stable and serve best as goals rather than midpoints. They also diminish the independence of the lines.
Imperfect consonances are preferable to perfect consonances for all intervals other than the first and last dyads, in order to heighten the sense of arrival at the end and to promote a sense of motion toward that arrival. In all cases, aim for a variety of harmonic intervals over the course of the exercise.
Never use two perfect consonances of the same size in a row: P5–P5 or P8–P8. This includes both simple and compound intervals; for example, P5–P12 is considered the same as P5–P5. (Two different perfect consonances in a row, such as P8–P5, are allowed, but try to follow every perfect consonance with an imperfect consonance if possible.) Parallel fifths and octaves promote tonal fusion at the expense of melodic independence, and these consecutive stable sonorities also limit variety and motion in the exercise. Thus, they are far from ideal, and are to be avoided in species counterpoint.
Vary the types of motion between successive intervals, aiming to use each type (except perhaps oblique motion). Contrary motion is best for variety and preserving the independence of the lines, so it should be preferred where possible.
Because similar and parallel motion diminish variety and melodic independence, their use should be mediated by other factors:
- Do not use more than three of the same imperfect consonance type in a row (e.g., three thirds in a row).
- Never move into a perfect consonance by similar motion (this is called direct fifths/octaves. This draws too much attention to an interval that already stands out of the texture.
- Avoid combining similar motion with leaps, especially large ones.
- First-Species Counterpoint A (.pdf, .mscx). Asks students to compose a first-species example and do error detection.
- For the complete set of Fux exercises, see the Gradus ad Parnassum chapter.
A general term for music that involves multiple simultaneous and independent melodic lines. The term comes from the idea that each note (point) has another note against (counter to) it. This term can also refer specifically to a musical line added to a cantus firmus.
Literally meaning “fixed voice," this is a pre-existing melodic line that serves as the basis for a new counterpoint exercise or other composition.
Perfect octaves (twelve semitones), perfect unisons (zero semitones), and perfect fifths (seven semitones). Perfect fourths (five semitones) are sometimes considered a perfect consonance, sometimes a dissonance; this depends on the context.
When two voices move melodically in opposite directions—that is, one voice moves up and the other moves down.
A contrapuntal cadence in which a perfect octave or unison is approached through contrary motion by step. One line will have re–do (2̂– 1̂) while the other has ti–do (7̂-1̂). This results in the sequence of harmonic intervals sixth–octave, tenth–octave, or third–unison.
Second-to-last.
When a higher voice part moves below a lower voice part. In strict SATB style, the ranges of voices should not cross; the soprano must always be higher than the alto, the alto must always be higher than the tenor, and the tenor must be higher than the bass.
In a multi-voice texture, when one voice leaps beyond the previous note in another voice.
As an acoustic phenomenon, frequencies vibrating at whole-number ratios with one another; as a cultural phenomenon, perceived stability in a chord or interval.
Thirds or sixths with major or minor quality.
When two voices move melodically in the same direction and by the same interval—for example, both voices move upward by a melodic second. (Note: the quality of the interval may vary, and it still counts as parallel motion.) By definition, two voices moving in parallel motion will also maintain the same harmonic interval between them.
When one voice moves melodically while another voice remains on the same pitch.
When two voices move melodically in the same direction (either upward or downward).
Similar motion into a fifth or octave. Also called hidden fifths or octaves.
A melodic interval of a third or greater. Note that some refer to thirds as "skips" rather than leaps.