Fundamentals
10 Compound Meter and Time Signatures
Chelsey Hamm and Mark Gotham
Key Takeaways
- Compound Meters are meters in which the beat divides into three, and then further subdivides into six.
- Duple Meters have groupings of two beats, Triple Meters have groupings of three beats, and Quadruple Meters have groupings of four beats. You can determine these groupings aurally by listening carefully and tapping along to the beat.
- There are different conducting patterns for Duple, Triple, and Quadruple meters; these are the same in both compound and simple meters.
- Time signatures in compound meters express two things: how many divisions are contained in each measure (the top number), and the division unit—which note gets the division (the bottom number).
- Rhythms in compound meters get different counts based upon their division unit. Beats that are not articulated (because they contain more than one beat or because of ties, rests, or dots) receive parentheses around their counts.
In the previous chapter, Simple Meter and Time Signatures, we explored rhythm and time signatures in simple meters—meters in which the beat divides into two, and further subdivides into four. In this chapter we will learn about compound meters—meters in which the beat divides into three, and further subdivides into six.
Listen to and Conducting Compound Meters
Compound meters can be duple, triple, or quadruple, just like simple meters. In other words, the beats of compound meters group into sets of either two, three, or four. However, you will want to listen carefully to the beat division in each of the following three examples, noticing that their beats divide into three divisions instead of two:
- Listen to “End of the Road” (1992) by Boyz II Men. Tap along to the beat and notice how it divides into three parts instead of two. If you further divide the beat (by tapping twice as fast) you will feel that the beat subdivides into six parts. “End of the Road” is in a duple meter. In other words, the beats group into a two-pattern.
- The second movement (Minuet) of Franz Joseph Haydn’s Sonata No. 42 in G Major (1784) is in a compound triple meter. Listen for the groupings of three beats, each of which divides into three.
- Finally, a compound quadruple meter contains four beats, each of which divides into three. Listen to “Exogenesis Symphony Part III” (2010) by the alternative rock band Muse. This is in a compound quadruple meter; in other words, the beats are grouped into a four-pattern.
In general, it is less common for music to be written in compound meters. Nonetheless, you must learn how to read music and perform in these meters in order to master Western musical notation.
Review the conducting patterns for simple meters as they are the same for compound meters.
Time Signatures
Measures in compound meters are equivalent to one beat grouping (duple, triple, or quadruple), just as they are in simple meters. In compound meters, time signatures still express two things, but not the same information as in simple meters. The top number of a time signature in compound meter expresses the number of divisions in a measure, while the bottom number expresses the division unit—which note is the division. A common compound meter time signature is seen in :
Again, these numbers still do not form a fraction, and there is no line in between the two numbers. Time signatures still come after a clef. In
, the top number (“6”) means that each measure will contain six divisions; the bottom number (“8”) means that the eighth note is the division. This means that each measure in this time signature will contain six eighth notes; you can see that this is true by examining .In compound meters, the top number is always “6,” “9,” or “12.” These numbers correspond to either duple, triple, or quadruple meters. Divide the top number by three to come up with a corresponding number in simple meter, in order to determine if the meter is duple, triple, or quadruple. Six divided by three is two, and therefore a time signature with “6” on top is duple; nine divided by three is three, and therefore a time signature with “9” on top is triple; and twelve divided by three is four, and therefore a time signatures with “12” on top is quadruple. In compound meters, the bottom number is usually one of the following:
- “8,” which means the eighth note receives the division.
- “4,” which means the quarter note receives the division.
- “16,” which means the sixteenth note receives the division.
The following table summarizes the six categories of meters that we have covered so far:
[table id=36 /]
Counting in Compound Meter
While counting compound meter rhythms, it is recommended that you conduct in order to keep a steady tempo. Because beats in compound meter divide into three, they are always dotted. Beats in compound meter are as follows:
- If “8” is the bottom number, the beat is a dotted quarter note (equivalent to three eighth notes).
- If “4” is the bottom number, the beat is a dotted half note (equivalent to three quarter notes).
- If “16” is the bottom number, the beat is a dotted eighth note (equivalent to three sixteenth notes).
In simple meters the beat divides into two parts, the first accented and the second non-accented. In compound meters the beat divides into three parts, the first accented and the second and third non-accented. The counts for compound meter are different from simple meter, as demonstrated in
:
Each measure in this time signature should have two beats (take the “6”—the top number—and divide it by three; the result, two, indicates a duple meter). Each dotted quarter note (the beat) gets a count, which is still expressed in Arabic numerals. Notes that are longer in duration than the beat (such as the dotted half note) are held over multiple beats, and beats that are not counted out loud are still written in parentheses. Divisions receive the syllables “la” (first division) and “li” (second division). Please review measure 3 of carefully if you are not familiar with compound meter, as it presents two of the most common compound meter rhythms with divisions. Please note that your instructor, high school, college, or university may employ a different counting system. Open Music Theory privileges American traditional counting, but this is not the only method.
shows how divisions (eighth notes) and subdivisions (sixteenth notes) are counted:
As you can see in
, further subdivisions at the sixteenth-note level are counted as “ta.” The “la” and “li” syllables remain consistent on the eighth note subdivisions of each beat.Compound duple meters have only two beats, as shown in
:
While compound triple meters have three beats, as shown in
:
Compound quadruple meters have four beats, as shown in
:
Beats that are not articulated because of rests and ties are also not counted out loud. These beats are usually written in parentheses, as shown in
.
Dotted rhythms do not lead to parentheses in compound meters the way they do in simple meters, because in compound meters dotted notes receive the beat.
Counting with Division Units of 4 and 16
Compound meters with other division units (the bottom number of a time signature) are counted differently because a different note value gets the beat (and division).
shows a rhythm with a [latex]\begin{smallmatrix}9\\8\end{smallmatrix}[/latex] time signature:
shows the same rhythm with the dotted half note as the beat unit:
shows the same rhythm with the dotted eighth note as the beat unit:
Each of these rhythms sound the same, and are counted the same. They are also all considered compound triple meters. The difference in each example is the bottom number—which note gets the division unit (eighth, quarter, or sixteenth), as well as their beat unit.
Beaming, Stems, and Flags
In compound meters, beams stilll connect notes together by beat; beaming therefore changes in different time signatures. This is demonstrated in :
In the first measure of time signature are equivalent to one beat. In the second measure of , sixteenth notes are grouped into sets of three, because three sixteenth notes in a [latex]\begin{smallmatrix}6\\16\end{smallmatrix}[/latex]time signature are equivalent to one beat.
, sixteenth notes are grouped into sets of six, because six sixteenth notes in a [latex]\begin{smallmatrix}6\\8\end{smallmatrix}[/latex]You should always clarify the meter with beams, regardless of whether the time signature is simple or compound.
shows twelve sixteenth notes beamed properly in two different meters, one simple and one compound:As you can see, in the first measure (in simple meter) the notes are grouped by beat into sets of four, while in the second measure (in compound meter) the notes are grouped by beat into sets of six.
The same rules of stemming and flagging that applied in simple meter still apply in compound meter. For notes above the middle line, stems and flags point downwards on the left side of notes, and for notes below the middle line stems and flags point upwards on the right side of the note. Stems and flags on notes on the middle line can point in either direction.
Please also note that partial beams can be used for mixed rhythmic groupings, as seen in
:
Sometimes these beaming conventions look strange to students who have had less experience with reading beamed music. If this is the case, you will want to pay special attention to how the notes in
are beamed.- Compound Meter Tutorial (musictheory.net) (compound meter starts about halfway through)
- Video Tutorial on Compound Meters and Beats (YouTube) (start at 1:49 for compound meter)
- Compound Meter Counting and Time Signatures (John Ellinger)
- Compound Meter Counting (YouTube)
- Compound Meter Rhythmic Practice (YouTube)
- Compound Meter Beaming (Michael Sult)
- Meter Identification (Simple and Compound) (.pdf,), and with Bar Lines (.pdf)
- Meter Beaming (Simple and Compound) (.pdf), and pp. 4 and 5 (.pdf)
- Time Signatures (Simple and Compound) (.pdf)
- Counting in 6/8 (.pdf, .pdf, .pdf)
- Counting in Compound Meter (.pdf)
- Time Signatures (.pdf, .pdf, .pdf)
- Bar Lines (.pdf), and p. 2 (.pdf)
Meters in which the beat divides into three, and then further subdivides into six
Meters in which beats are grouped into twos
Meters in which beats are grouped into threes
Meters in which beats are grouped into fours
In simple meters: specifies how many beats are contained in each measure, and which note value is equivalent to a beat. In compound meters: specifies how many divisions are contained in each measure, and which note value is equivalent to a division.
Which note gets the division
Meters in which the beat divides into two (subdivides into four)
Created by bar lines, a measure (or bar) is equivalent to one beat grouping
The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
The horizontal lines that connect certain groups of notes together