1 Commands
| wvnvyvs! |
tie it! |
| wvnvyepvs! |
you may tie it / please tie it |
| wvnvyvks! |
you (pl.) tie it! |
| wvnahyetskvs |
don’t you tie it! |
| wvnvyetskekot |
don’t tie it (softer) |
| wvnvyvkēs |
let’s tie it |
| wvnvyekvs |
let him/her tie him/her |
| wvnvyvkekvs |
let him/her tie them |
| wvnahyin omekvs |
first let me tie him/her |
| wvnvyvn os |
just tie it |
| wvnvyepvn os |
go ahead and tie it |
| wvnvyvccvs |
you should / must / shall tie it |
| wvnvyekot owvccvs |
you shall not tie it |
| wvnvyvkvccvs |
you (pl.) must tie it |
| wvnahyēskos |
one should not tie it / it can’t be tied |
2 Present
2.1 Statement (with agent or plural agreement)
| wvnayis |
I am tying it |
| wvnayetskes |
you are tying it |
| wvnayes |
he/she is tying it |
| wvnayēs |
we are tying it |
| wvnayatskes |
you (pl.) are tying it |
| wvnvyakes |
they are tying it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omis |
I am tying it |
| wvnayet ometskes |
you are tying it |
| wvnayet omes |
he/she is tying it |
| wvnayet omēs |
we are tying it |
| wvnayet omatskes |
you (pl.) are tying it |
| wvnvyaket omes |
they are tying it |
Periphrastic (modern forms):
| wvnayet owis |
I am tying it |
| wvnayet ontskes |
you are tying it |
| wvnayet os |
he/she is tying it |
| wvnayet owēs |
we are tying it |
| wvnayet owatskes |
you (pl.) are tying it |
| wvnvyaket os |
they are tying it |
2.2 Question in -v
| wvnayvyv? |
am I tying it? |
| wvnayetskv? |
are you tying it? |
| wvnayv? |
is he/she tying it? |
| wvnayeyv? |
are we tying it? |
| wvnayatskv? |
are you (pl.) tying it? |
| wvnvyakv? |
are they tying it? |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omvyv? |
am I tying it? |
| wvnayet ometskv? |
are you tying it? |
| wvnayet omv? |
is he/she tying it? |
| wvnayet omeyv? |
are we tying it? |
| wvnayet omatskv? |
are you (pl.) tying it? |
| wvnvyaket omv? |
are they tying it? |
Periphrastic (modern forms):
| wvnayet owvyv′? |
am I tying it? |
| wvnayet ontskv? |
are you tying it? |
| wvnayet owv? |
is he/she tying it? |
| wvnayet oweyv? |
are we tying it? |
| wvnayet owatskv? |
are you (pl.) tying it? |
| wvnvyaket owv? |
are they tying it? |
2.3 Negative statement
| wvnvyvkos |
I am not tying it, haven’t tied it |
| wvnvyetskekos |
you are not tying it, haven’t tied it |
| wvnvyekos |
he/she isn’t tying it, hasn’t tied it |
| wvnvyēkos |
we are tying it, haven’t tied it |
| wvnvyatskekos |
you (pl.) aren’t tying it, haven’t tied it |
| wvnvyvkekos |
they aren’t tying it, haven’t tied it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvkot omes |
I am not tying it |
| wvnvyetskekot omes |
you are not tying it |
| wvnvyekot omes |
he/she is not tying it |
| wvnvyēkot omes |
we are not tying it |
| wvnvyatskekot omes |
you (pl.) are not tying it |
| wvnvyvkekot omes |
they are not tying it |
2.4 Negative question
| wvnvyvko? |
aren’t I tying it? |
| wvnvyetskeko? |
aren’t you tying it? |
| wvnvyeko? |
isn’t he/she tying it? |
| wvnvyēko? |
aren’t we tying it? |
| wvnvyatskeko? |
aren’t you (pl.) tying it? |
| wvnvyvkeko? |
aren’t they tying it? |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvkot omv? |
am I not tying it? |
2.5 Durative eventive
| wvnayvyēs |
I can tie it / I tie it |
| wvnayetskēs |
you can tie it / you tie it |
| wvnayēs |
he/she can tie it / he/she ties it |
| wvnayeyēs |
we can tie it / we tie it |
| wvnayatskēs |
you (pl.) can tie it / you (pl.) tie it |
| wvnvyakēs |
they can tie it / they tie it |
2.6 Negative durative
| wvnahyvkos |
I would not be able to tie it |
3 Past 1 (today up to last night)
3.1 Statement (with agent or plural agreement)
| wvnahyis |
I tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyetskes |
you tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyes |
he/she tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyēs |
we tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyatskes |
you (pl.) tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyvhkes |
they tied it (today/last night) |
3.2 Question in -v
| wvnahyvyv? |
did I tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnahyetskv? |
did you tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnahyv? |
did he/she tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnahyeyv? |
did we tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnahyatskv? |
did you (pl.) tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnvyvhkv? |
did they tie it (today/last night)? |
3.3 Imperfective
| wvnayvyis |
I was tying it (today/last night) |
| wvnayetskis |
you were tying it (today/last night) |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omvyis |
I was tying it (today/last night) |
3.4 Negative statement
| wvnvyvkis |
I didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyetskekis |
you didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyekis |
he/she didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyēkis |
we didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyatskekis |
you (pl.) didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyvkekis |
they didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvkot ohmes |
I didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyetskekot ohmes |
you didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyekot ohmes |
he/she didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyēkot ohmes |
we didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyatskekot ohmes |
you (pl.) didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyvkekot ohmes |
they didn’t tie it (today/last night) |
3.5 Negative question in -v
| wvnvyvkisv? |
didn’t I tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnvyetskisv? |
didn’t you tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnvyekisv? |
didn’t he/she tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnvyēkisv? |
didn’t we tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnvyatskekisv? |
didn’t you (pl.) tie it (today/last night)? |
| wvnvyvkekisv? |
didn’t they tie it (today/last night)? |
4 Past 2 (yesterday to several weeks ago)
4.1 Statement (with agent or plural agreement)
| wvnayvyvnks |
I tied it |
| wvnayetskvnks |
you tied it |
| wvnayvnks |
he/she tied it |
| wvnayeyvnks |
we tied it |
| wvnayatskvnks |
you (pl.) tied it |
| wvnvyakvnks |
they tied it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omvyvnks |
I tied it |
| wvnayet ometskvnks |
you tied it |
| wvnayet omvnks |
he/she tied it |
| wvnayet omeyvnks |
we tied it |
| wvnayet omatskvnks |
you (pl.) tied it |
| wvnvyaket omvnks |
they tied it |
4.2 Question in -v
| wvnayvyvnkv? |
did I tie it? |
| wvnayetskvnkv? |
did you tie it? |
| wvnayvnkv? |
did he/she tie it? |
| wvnayeyvnkv? |
did we tie it? |
| wvnayatskvnkv? |
did you (pl.) tie it? |
| wvnvyakvnkv? |
did they tie it? |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omvyvnkv? |
did I tie it? |
4.3 Negative statement
| wvnvyvkvnks |
I didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyetskekvnks |
you didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyekvnks |
he/she didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyēkvnks |
we didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyatskekvnks |
you (pl.) didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyvkekvnks |
they didn’t tie it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvkot omvnks |
I didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyetskekot omvnks |
you didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyekot omvnks |
he/she didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyēkot omvnks |
we didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyatskekot omvnks |
you (pl.) didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyvkekot omvnks |
they didn’t tie it |
4.4 Negative question in -v
| wvnvyvkvnkv? |
didn’t I tie it? |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvkot omvnkv? |
didn’t I tie it? |
5 Past 3 (from two weeks to about a year ago)
5.1 Statement (with agent or plural agreement)
| wvnayimvts |
I tied it |
| wvnayetskemvts |
you tied it |
| wvnayemvts |
he/she tied it |
| wvnayēmvts |
we tied it |
| wvnayatskemvts |
you (pl.) tied it |
| wvnvyakemvts |
they tied it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omimvts |
I tied it |
| wvnayet ometskemvts |
you tied it |
| wvnayet omemvts |
he/she tied it |
| wvnayet omēmvts |
we tied it |
| wvnayet omatskemvts |
you (pl.) tied it |
| wvnvyaket omemvts |
they tied it |
5.2 Imperfective
| wvnayimvts |
I was tying it |
5.3 Question
| wvnayimvte? |
did I tie it? |
| wvnayetskemvte? |
did you tie it? |
| wvnayemvte? |
did he/she tie it? |
| wvnayēmvte? |
did we tie it? |
| wvnayatskemvte? |
did you (pl.) tie it? |
| wvnvyakemvte? |
did they tie it? |
5.4 Negative statement
| wvnvyvkomvts |
I didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyetskekomvts |
you didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyekomvts |
he/she didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyēkomvts |
we didn’t tie it |
| wvnvyatskekomvts |
you (pl.) didn’t tie it |
| ?wvnvyvkekomvts |
they didn’t tie it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvkot omemvts |
I didn’t tie it |
5.5 Negative question
| wvnvyvkomvte′ |
didn’t I tie it? |
6 Past 4
6.1 Statement (with agent or plural agreement)
| wvnayvyvnt(v)s |
I tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayetskvnt(v)s |
you tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayvnt(v)s |
he/she tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayeyvnt(v)s |
we tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayatskvnt(v)s |
you (pl.) tied it (long ago) |
| wvnvyakvnt(v)s |
they tied it (long ago) |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omvyvnt(v)s |
I tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayet ometskvnt(v)s |
you tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayet omvnt(v)s |
he/she tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayet omeyvnt(v)s |
we tied it (long ago) |
| wvnayet omatskvnt(v)s |
you (pl.) tied it (long ago) |
| wvnvyaket omvnt(v)s |
they tied it (long ago) |
6.2 Question
| wvnayvyvntv? |
did I tie it (long ago)? |
| wvnayetskvntv? |
did you tie it (long ago)? |
| wvnayvntv? |
did he/she tie it (long ago)? |
6.3 Negative statement
| wvnvyvkvnt(v)s |
I didn’t tie it (long ago) |
7 Past 5
7.1 Statement (with agent or plural agreement)
| wvnayvyvtēs |
I tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayetskvtēs |
you tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayvtēs |
he/she tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayeyvtēs |
we tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayatskvtēs |
you (pl.) tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnvyakvtēs |
they tied it (very long ago) |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnayet omvyvtēs |
I tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayet ometskvtēs |
you tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayet omvtēs |
he/she tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayet omeyvtēs |
we tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnayet omatskvtēs |
you (pl.) tied it (very long ago) |
| wvnvyaket omvtēs |
they tied it (very long ago) |
7.2 Question
| wvnayvtēte? |
did he/she tie it (very long ago)? |
7.3 Negative statement
| wvnvyekatēs |
he/she didn’t tie it (very long ago) |
8 Prospective
8.1 Statement (with agreement or plural agreement)
| wvnvyvhanis |
I am going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanetskes |
you are going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanes |
he/she is going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanēs |
we are going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanatskes |
you (pl.) are going to tie it |
| wvnvyvkvhanes |
they are going to tie it |
Periphrastic (older forms):
| wvnvyvhanet omis |
I am going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanet ometskes |
you are going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanet omes |
he/she is going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanet omēs |
we are going to tie it |
| wvnvyvhanet omatskes |
you (pl.) are going to tie it |
| wvnvyvkvhanet omes |
they are going to tie it |
8.2 Question in -v
| wvnvyvhanv? |
is he/she going to tie it? |
8.3 Negative statement
| wvnvyvhanek(o)s |
he/she is not going to tie it |
9 Future
9.1 Statement (with agreement or plural agreement)
| wvnvyarēs |
I will tie it |
| wvnvyetskvrēs |
you will tie it |
| wvnvyvrēs |
he/she will tie it |
| wvnvyeyvrēs |
we will tie it |
| wvnvyatskvrēs |
you (pl.) will tie it |
| wvnvyvkvrēs |
they will tie it |
9.2 Question
| wvnvyarēte? |
will I tie it? |
9.3 Negative statement
| wvnvyvkarēs |
I will not tie it |
10 Patient prefixes (resent statement form)
| cvwvnayes |
he/she is tying me |
| cewvnayes |
he/she is tying you |
| wvnayes |
he/she is tying him/her |
| powvnawices |
he/she is tying us |
| wvnawices |
he/she is tying them |
11 Reflexive, reciprocal (present statement form)
11.1 Reflexive
| ēwvnayis |
I am tying myself |
| ēwvnayetskes |
you are tying yourself |
| ēwvnayes |
he is tying himself / she is tying herself |
| ēwvnayēs |
we are tying ourselves |
| ēwvnayatskes |
you (pl.) are tying yourselves |
| ēwvnvyakes |
they are tying themselves |
11.2 Reciprocal
| etewvnayēs |
we are tying each other |
| etewvnayatskes |
you (pl.) are tying each other |
| etewvnvyakes |
they are tying each other |
12 Dative prefixes (present statement form)
| vnwvnayes |
he/she is tying it for me |
| cenwvnayes |
he/she is tying it for you |
| enwvnayes |
he/she is tying it for him/her |
| ponwvnayes |
he/she is tying it for us |
13 Instrumental, locative (present statement form)
| eswvnayes |
he/she is tying it with it |
| (e)svwvnayes |
he/she is tying it to (a post, chair) with it |
| (e)sohwvnayes |
he/she is tying it on with it |
| (e)stvkwvnayes |
he/she is tying it to (the floor) with it |
| (e)svkwvnayes |
he/she is tying it with it (in water) |
14 Auxiliary forms
14.1 ‘might, can probably’
| wvnayē witvyēs |
I can probably tie it |
| wvnayetskē witēs |
you can probably tie it |
| wvnayē witēs |
he/she can probably tie it |
| wvnayē witeyēs |
we can probably tie it |
| wvnayatskē witēs |
you (pl.) can probably tie it |
| wvnvyakē witēs |
they can probably tie it |
14.2 ‘able, can’
| wvnvyvyē tayēs |
I will be able to tie it |
| wvnvyetskē tayēs |
you will be able to tie it |
| wvnvyē tayēs |
he/she will be able to tie it |
| wvnvyeyē tayēs |
we will be able to tie it |
| wvnvyatskē tayēs |
you (pl.) will be able to tie it |
| wvnvyvkē tayēs |
they will be able to tie it |
14.3 ‘finish’
| wvnayē pohyis |
I finished tying it (past 1) |
| wvnayē pohyetskes |
you finished tying it |
| wvnayē pohyes |
he/she finished tying it (past 1) |
| wvnayē pohyēs |
we finished tying it |
| wvnayē pohyatskes |
you (pl.) finished tying it |
| wvnayē poyvhkes |
they finished tying it |
14.4 ‘keep doing’
| wvnayē mahis |
I keep tying it |
| wvnayē mahetskes |
you keep tying it |
| wvnayē mahes |
he/she keeps tying it |
| wvnayē mahēs |
we keep tying it |
| wvnayē mahatskes |
you (pl.) keep tying it |
| wvnayē mahakes |
they keep tying it |
14.5 ‘keep doing, still’
| wvnayvyē monkvnks |
I was still tying it |
| wvnayetskē monkvnks |
you were still tying it |
| wvnayē monkvnks |
he/she was still tying it |
| wvnayeyē monkvnks |
we were still tying it |
| wvnayatskē monkvnks |
you (pl.) were still tying it |
| wvnvyakē monkvnks |
they were still tying it |
14.6 Negative experimential
| wvnvyvyvt(ē)sekot os |
I have never tied it |
| wvnvyetskvt(ē)sekot os |
you have never tied it |
| wvnvyvt(ē)sekot os |
he/she has never tied it |
| wvnvyeyvt(ē)sekot os |
we have never tied it |
| wvnvyatskvt(ē)sekot os |
you (pl.) have never tied it |
| wvnvyvkvt(ē)sekot os |
they have never tied it |
15 Modality
15.1 ‘almost’, past 1 perfective
| wvnahyvhohkis |
I almost tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyvhohketskes |
you almost tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyvhohkes |
he/she almost tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyvhohkēs |
we almost tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnahyvhohkatskes |
you (pl.) almost tied it (today/last night) |
| wvnvyahkvhohkes |
they almost tied it (today/last night) |
15.2 ‘accidentally’
| wvnvyehpvyvttis |
I accidentally tied it |
| wvnvyehpetskvttis |
you accidentally tied it |
| wvnvyehpvttis |
he/she accidentally tied it |
| wvnvyehpeyvttis |
we accidentally tied it |
| wvnvyehpatskvttis |
you (pl.) accidentally tied it |
| wvnvyvkehpvttis |
they accidentally tied it |
15.3 ‘just about to’
| wvnvyvhąnusvyēt os |
I am just about to tie it |
| wvnvyvhąnusetskēt os |
you are just about to tie it |
| wvnvyvhąnusēt os |
he/she is just about to tie it |
| wvnvyvhąnuseyēt os |
we are just about to tie it |
| wvnvyvhąnusatskēt os |
you (pl.) are just about to tie it |
| wvnvyvkvhąnusēt os |
they are just about to tie it |
15.4 Inference
| wvnayvcoks |
he/she is tying it (unseen) |
| wvnvyekacoks |
he/she is not tying it (unseen) |
16 Chained forms
16.1 Same-subject
| wvnahyit |
I tied it and then (did something) |
| wvnahyetsket |
you tied it and then (did something) |
| wvnahyet |
he/she tied it and then (did something) |
| wvnahyēt |
we tied it and then (did something) |
| wvnahyatsket |
you (pl.) tied it and then (did something) |
| wvnvyahket |
they tied it and then (did something) |
16.2 Different-subject
| wvnahyin |
I tied it and then (someone else did something) |
| wvnahyetsken |
you tied it and then (someone else did something) |
| wvnahyen |
he/she tied it and then (someone else did something) |
| wvnahyēn |
we tied it and then (someone else did something) |
| wvnahyatsken |
you (pl.) tied it and then (someone else did something) |
| wvnvyahken |
they tied it and then (someone else did something) |
17 Adverbial clause forms
17.1 ‘if’
| wvnayin omat |
if I tie it |
| wvnayetsken omat |
if you tie it |
| wvnayen omat |
if he/she ties it |
| wvnayēn omat |
if we tie it |
| wvnayatsken omat |
if you (pl.) tie it |
| wvnvyaken omat |
if they tie it |
17.2 ‘when’
| wvnayvyof |
when I tie it |
| wvnayetskof |
when you tie it |
| wvnayof |
when he/she ties it |
| wvnayeyof |
when we tie it |
| wvnayatskof |
when you (pl.) tie it |
| wvnvyakof |
when they tie it |
17.3 ‘after’
| wvnahyvyof |
after I tie it / after I tied it |
| wvnahyetskof |
after you tie it |
| wvnahyof |
after he/she ties it |
| wvnahyeyof |
after we tie it |
| wvnahyatskof |
after you (pl.) tie it |
17.4 ‘before’
| wvnvyvko monken |
before I tie it |
| wvnvyetskeko monken |
before you tie it |
| wvnvyeko monken |
before he/she ties it |
| wvnvyēko monken |
before we tie it |
| wvnvyatskeko monken |
before you (pl.) tie it |
| wvnvyvkeko monken |
before they tie it |
17.5 ‘so, because’
| wvnayikv |
I’m tying it, so . . . |
| wvnayetskekv |
you’re tying it, so . . . |
| wvnayekv |
he/she is tying it, so . . . |
| wvnayēkv |
we are tying it, so . . . |
| wvnayatskekv |
you (pl.) are tying it, so . . . |
| wvnvyakekv |
they are tying it, so . . . |
17.6 ‘even though’
| wvnayvyisen |
even though I tie it |
| wvnayetskisen |
even though you tie it |
| wvnayisen |
even though he/she ties it |
| wvnayeyisen |
even though we tie it |
| wvnayatskisen |
even though you (pl.) tie it |
| wvnvyakisen |
even though they tie it |
18 Present definite modifying forms (‘the one that’)
| (nake) wvnayvyat(e) |
(the thing) that I’m tying |
| (nake) wvnayetskat(e) |
(the thing) that you are tying |
| (nake) wvnayat(e) |
(the thing) that he/she is tying |
| (nake) wvnayeyat(e) |
(the thing) that we are tying |
| (nake) wvnvyakat(e) |
(the thing) that they are tying |
