Manner adverbs: pvfnēn ‘fast’
- A MANNER ADVERB describes how an action is carried out. These are formed from adjectives by adding -n.
| cvyayvkē |
‘quiet’ |
cvyayvkēn |
‘quietly’ |
| herē |
‘good’ |
herēn |
‘well’ |
| kvncvpē |
‘low’ |
kvncvpēn |
‘low (adverb)’ |
| lvpkē |
‘quick’ |
lvpkēn |
‘quickly’ |
| pvfnē |
‘fast’ |
pvfnēn |
‘fast (adverb)’ |
| yekcicē |
‘loud’ |
yekcicēn |
‘loudly’ |
- Manner adverbs usually come before the verb.
| Tim cvyayvkēn ’punayes. |
‘Tim is talking quietly.’ |
| Rakkuecēn ’punvyvs! |
‘Talk louder!’ |
| Herēn yvhikes. |
‘He/she is singing well.’ |
| Herekon yvhikes. |
‘He/she is singing poorly.’ |
| Kvncvpēn tvmkes. |
‘It’s flying low.’ |
| Hvlwēn tvmkes. |
‘It’s flying high.’ |
| Pvfnēn letkvs! |
‘Run fast!’ |
| Pvfne-mahekon yvkvpvs! |
‘Walk slower!’ |
| Orēn vpēlis. |
‘He was laughing a lot.’ |
| Yekcicēn ’punvyvs! |
‘Talk loudly!’ |
| Vhericēn ’punvyvs! |
‘Talk softly!’ |
| Lvpkēn nekēyvs! |
‘Move quickly!’ |
| Ląpkusen vyvs! |
‘Go right away!’ |
- Sometimes a manner adverb in English is expressed instead with a verb in Mvskoke.
| Vhericēt opunvyvs! |
‘Talk carefully/being careful!’ |
| Vcayēcet opunvyvs! |
‘Talk respectfully/being respectful!’ |
Words like this take -t. They imply more active effort on the part of the subject.
Time adverbs: paksen ‘tomorrow’
- A TIME ADVERB describes when an action takes place. Time adverbs usually come at the beginning of a sentence.
| Paksvnkē cokvn oh-onayvyvnks. |
‘Yesterday I read a book.’ |
| Hiyowat cokvn oh-onayis. |
‘Now I am reading a book.’ |
| Mucv-nettv cokvn oh-onayis. |
‘Today I am reading a book.’ |
| Paksen cokvn oh-onvyarēs. |
‘Tomorrow I will read a book.’ |
- Time adverbs can become descriptive of specific times. The following are for future times.
| Rvfo omof vyarēs. |
‘I will go in winter.’ |
| Heyv yafkof(vn) vyarēs. |
‘I will go this evening.’ |
| Yafkof(vn) rorarēs. |
‘I will get there in the evening.’ |
| Svnte orat vyarēs. |
‘I will go this coming Sunday.’ |
| Svnte hvmkat vyarēs. |
‘I will go this Sunday/in one Sunday.’ |
| Hvthvyatken mvn rorarēs. |
‘I will get there in the morning.’ |
| Hvthvyatkusen mvn rorarēs. |
‘I will get there right at daybreak.’ |
| Fvccvlik hoyanof mvn rorarēs. |
‘I will get there in the afternoon.’ |
| Svnte rvparvmkat vyarēs. |
‘I will go next Sunday.’ |
| Svnte ’svhokkolat vyarēs. |
‘I will go next Sunday.’ (another way) |
| ’Tvcak-hvmkat vyarēs. |
‘I will go next week.’ |
| Ohrolopē hvmkat vyarēs. |
‘I will go next year.’ |
| Hvte mahusan alihkit vyarēs. |
‘I will get up early and go.’ |
| Pakse hvte mahusat mvn vyarēs. |
‘I will go early the next day.’ |
- The word mucv ‘this (time)’ is used for a current or upcoming time.
| nettv |
‘day’ |
mucv-nettv |
‘today’ |
| mucv-nerē |
‘tonight’ |
|
|
| mucv hvthvyvtke |
‘this morning’ |
|
|
Mucv can also be used by itself to mean ‘this next time’.
- Time adverbs for earlier today or last night use -isē on the adverb. This suffix is related to the Past 1 suffix on verbs.
| Nereyisē ahyis. |
‘I went last night.’ |
| Hvthvyvtkeyisēn ahyeys. |
‘I went this morning.’ |
| Yafkisē ahyis. |
‘I went yesterday evening.’ |
- Time adverbs referring to earlier than last night use -vnkē. This suffix is related to the Past 2 suffix on verbs, but its use in adverbs is much broader.
| Hvte mąhen homipis. |
‘I ate a little bit later (9-10 am).’ |
| Svnte hoyanvnkē ayvyvnks. |
‘I went last Sunday.’ |
| ’Tvcak hvmkvnkē mvn ayvyvnks. |
‘I went last week/a week ago.’ |
| Ohrolopē-vnkē mvn ayvyvnks. |
‘I went a year ago.’ |
| Ohrolopē hvmkvnkē mvn ayvyvnks. |
‘I went one year ago.’ |
- The most common time adverb is hvtvm ‘again’ (usually pronounced hvtą). It can be translated different ways, including ‘and’, ‘and then’, and ‘also’.
