Attributions
Cover Picture
Photo by Elisabeth Arnold; Child running at the beach at sunset (Free to use under Unsplash license.)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Development
Child and Adolescent Development
Portions of What is Human Development? is from The Whole Child: Development in the Early Years. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Figure 1.1 Embryo is by lunar caustic, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Figure 1.2 Siblings is in the Public Domain, CC0
Figure 1.3 Early Childhood is by Chrofit the man to call on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Figure 1.4 Middle Childhood is by Vanessa Loring on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Figure 1.5 Adolescence by to Shezykhan1, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Video 1.1 Some Kind of Connection is from The Royal Ocean Film Society with a standard YouTube license
Domains of Development
Figure 1.6 Little Boy Climbing is by Yan Krukau on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Figure 1.7 Child playing chess is by Kampus Production on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Figure 1.8 Children playing is by cottonbrostudio on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Video 1.2 Domains in Development is from Prof Newton with a standard YouTube license.
Key Issues in Human Development
Figure 1.9 The difference between continuous and stage-like development is from Issues in Lifespan Development Copyright © 2022 by Martha Lally; Suzanne Valentine-French; and Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 1.3 Teaching Introductory Psychology – Continuity versus Discontinuity is from Sara Sohr-Oreston with a standard YouTube license.
Video 1.4 Sensitive vs Critical Periods of Learning is from Andrew Scot with a standard YouTube license.
Video 1.5 Gene environment interaction is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
The Forbidden Experiment
Video 1.6 4 Horrific Cases of Feral Children is from Cryptic Reality with a standard YouTube license.
Video 1.7 Today In History: Genie The Feral Child Rescued is from That Was History with a standard YouTbue license.
Contextual Influences on Development
Figure 1.10 is by Cmglee is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
The section on Resiliency is from Human Development Copyright © 2020 by Human Development Teaching & Learning Group is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Video 1.8 Coping Coping with Early Adversity and Mitigating its Effects is from the Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare under a standard YouTube license.
The last three paragraphs of Culture is adapted from The Whole Child: Development in the Early Years. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Chapter 2: Psychological Research
Introduction to Psychological Research Methods
The Descriptive Research Section is from Research Methods Copyright © 2022 by Martha Lally; Suzanne Valentine-French; and Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method section is from General Psychology Copyright © by OpenStax and Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 2.1 The Scientific Method is from Wikimedia Commons
Video 2.1 The Scientific Method and Psychology is from abeager under a Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Figure 2.2 is from Wikimedia Commons. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Video 2.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Research – An Introduction from to Tine Juhl. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Basic and Applied Research
The Basic and Applied Research section is from The Canadian Handbook for Careers in Psychological Science Copyright © 2019 by The Authors is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Reliability and Validity
Video 2.3 is by J. Scott Branson, Ph.D. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Descriptive Research
The Descriptive Research Section is from Research Methods Copyright © 2022 by Martha Lally; Suzanne Valentine-French; and Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Figure 2.3 Recording data is an important factor for research methods is by Scott Graham is licensed under a Public Domain license
Figure 2.4 Teen with EEG Cap is by Cullen College on Flickr Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic
Correlational Research
Figure 2.5 Positive and Negative Correlations © Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike) license
Video 2.4 Correlation and Causality is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
The example on ice cream sales and crime rates is from General Psychology Copyright © by OpenStax and Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Experimental Research
Video 2.5 Introduction to Experimental Design is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Developmental Research Designs
Figure 2.6 A Cross sectional © Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike) license
Figure 2.7 A Longitudinal Study © Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike) license
Figure 2.8 Sequential Research © Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike) license
Challenges Conducting Developmental Research
Figure 2.9 is attributed to Krisztina V. Jakobsen. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Chapter 3: Developmental Theories
Introduction to Developmental Theories
Figure 3.1 is from Wikimedia Commons. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
Understanding Theories
Figure 3.2 is by Brian Brondel at English Wikibooks. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic
Figure 3.3 is by ArchonMagnus, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Psychodynamic Approach
Video 3.1 Psychoanalytic Theory is from Khan Academy. Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Figure 3.4 Erik Erikson is by Erikson Institute, CC BY-SA 4.0
Video 3.2 Erikson’s Psychosocial Development is from Khan Academy. Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Behavioral Approach
Figure 3.5 Ivan Pavlov is in the public domain.
Video 3.3 Classical Conditioning is from Sprouts. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Figure 3.6 Watson Little Albert is by David Webb on flickr. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Figure 3.7 is by Raulelgreco. CC BY SA 4.0
Video 3.4 Operant Conditioning is from Sprouts. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Video 3.5 Bandura Social Cognitive Theory is from Sprouts. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Cognitive Approach
Figure 3.8 Jean Piaget is by mirjoran on flickr. Attribution (CC BY 2.0)
Video 3.6 is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Contextual Approach
Figure 3.9 Lev Vygotsky is in the public domain.
Video 3.7 Vygotsky’s sociocultural development is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Figure 3.10 Zone of Proximal Development is by Sketchplanations Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Video 3.8 Scaffolding is from Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Video 3.9 Bronfenbrenner is from Sprouts. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Figure 3.11 Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model is by Lopezmarielys via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0
Evolutionary Approach
Video 3.10 Evolution and Human Culture is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Chapter 4: Genes and Environment
Heredity and Chromosomes
Video 1 Heritability is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Video 4.2 Fertilization is attributed to is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Figure 4.1 Punnett Square is from Human Biology – Excerpts for BBIO 053 Copyright © 2020 by Christine Miller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License,
Video 4.3 An Introduction to Mendelian Genetics is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Figure 4.2 is by YassineMrabet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Behavioral Genetics
Figure 4.3 Les Twins is by Shawn Welling, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Video 4.5 Twin studies and adoption studies is from Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike
Content in the Behavior Genetics: Schizophrenia box is from Child and Adolescent Psychology. CC license: Attribution.
The Interaction of Genes and Environment
Discussion of range of reaction under The Interaction of Genes and Environment is from Child and Adolescent Psychology. CC license: Attribution.
The second paragraph of Epigenetics is from Child and Adolescent Psychology. CC license: Attribution.
Discussion of passive genotype-environment correlation under How do genes shape the environment? is from Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective. CC license: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike and Lifespan Development Copyright © 2024 by Jennifer Ounjian is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
Chapter 5: Prenatal Development
Introduction to Prenatal Development
Video 5.1 From Conception to Birth is by Alexander Tsiaras TED Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0
Stages of Prenatal Development
Figure 5.1 Fertilization is from Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition Copyright © 2015 by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
The second paragraph under The Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8) about organogenesis is from The Whole Child: Development in the Early Years. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Figure 5.2 Human embryo is by lunar caustic is licensed under CC BY 2.0
Figure 5.3 Fetal stage is from Psychology (2nd edition) is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
Video 5.2 Prenatal development: What babies learn in the womb is from Sprouts Creative Commons (CC) Attribution-NonCommercial (BY-NC)
Environmental Risks to Prenatal Development
Figure 5.4 Critical Periods of Prenatal Development is from Laura Overstreet is licensed under CC BY 4.0 BY:Attribution
Teratogens: Alcohol
The section on Alcohol is adapted from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Figure 5.5 Mouse facial abnormalities is Copyright © 2020 Almeida, Andreu-Fernández, Navarro-Tapia, Aras-López, Serra-Delgado, Martínez, García-Algar and Gómez-Roig. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
Video 5.3 NOFAS Topics: Light Drinking is from FASD United (Formerly NOFAS) under a general YouTube license.
Teratogens: Tobacco and Illicit Drugs
The section on Tobacco and Illicit Drugs is adapted from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Teratogens: Chemical Pollutants
The section on Chemical Pollutants is adapted from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Maternal Factors
The section on Maternal Factors and Table 5.1 Maternal infections and potential effects is adapted from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Paternal Factors
The section on Paternal Factors is adapted from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
The section on Chromosomal Abnormalities and Table 5.2 Autosomal Chromosome Disorders are from Chromosomal Abnormalities Copyright © 2022 by Martha Lally; Suzanne Valentine-French; and Dinesh Ramoo is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Process of Delivery
The section on Onset of Labor is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Figure 5.6 The Stages of Childbirth is from Anatomy and Physioloigy (2nd edition) on OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0
The information about episiotomies is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The information about C-section recovery is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Figure 5.7 A baby being delivered by C-section is by Patricia Prudente on Unsplash and is free to use under the Unsplash License
Video 5.4 Labor (Parturition) is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 5.5 Labor is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Approaches to Childbirth
The Approaches to Childbirth subsection is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Figure 5.8 Couple in baby class is by Senior Airman Krystal Ardrey. Provided by: U.S. Air Force. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
Complications of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Figure 5.9 Pregnant woman is by SHVETS Production on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Video 5.6 Pregnancy related death is by UMMCVideos. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Newborn Assessment and Risk
The section on Assessing the Newborn is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Figure 5.10 Apgar Scoring is by Event Medicine Group. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Video 5.7 Apgar score is by Wisc-Online. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Chapter 6: Physical Development
Physical Development
Figure 6.1 Human development neoteny body and head proportions pedomorphy maturation aging growth.png: Ephertderivative work: User:Clusternote, CC BY-SA 4.0
Video 6.1 Physical development in adolescence is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Sexual Development
Video 6.2 What Happens When? is from PPGNYAction with a standard YouTube license
Immunizations
The Immunizations section is from The Whole Child: Development in the Early Years. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Video 6.3 Vaccines and the Autism Myth is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Brain Development
Video 6.4 The Neuron is from Two-Minute Neuroscience, ©2025 Neuroscientifically Challenged
Video 6.5 Myelin is from Two-Minute Neuroscience, ©2025 Neuroscientifically Challenged
Video 6.6 Synaptic Pruning is by ©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Video 6.7 Long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 6.8 Brain Plasticity – The Story of Jody is by Streetwisdom Billy, Streetwisdom Unplugged©
The paragraphs on experience-expectant and experience-dependent-plasticity are from to Amanda Taintor, Todd LaMarr, Wendy Ruiz, Martina Marquez, Emily Elam, Amy Carnahan, and Adrienne Seegers ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative under a mixed 4.0 license.
Figure 6.3 Lobes of the Brain is from MIT OpenCourseWare’s photo, licensed as Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
Video 6.9 Lobes and landmarks is from Two-Minute Neuroscience, ©2025 Neuroscientifically Challenged
Video 6.10 is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Sensory and Motor Development
Video 6.11 Neonatal Reflexes is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
A portion of the first paragraph under Major Motor Milestones is from The Whole Child: Development in the Early Years. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
The section on the Visual cliff is from Lifespan Development: The Human Journey Copyright © 2024 by Humber College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 6.13 Visual cliff is from SciFri with a standard YouTube license.
Sleep
Video 6.13 Why Schools Should Start Later for Teens is presented by Wendy Troxel and is from TED © TED Conferences, LLC. All rights reserved.
Nutrition
The section on Infant Formula is from Introduction to Nutrition and Wellness Copyright © 2022 by Janet Colson; Sandra Poirier; and Yvonne Dadson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,
Figure 6.4 Kwashiorkor and Marasmus is from https://www.myupchar.com/en, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Figure 6.5 Kids playing baseketball is by King of the Vegetables’s, CC BY 2.0
Video 6.14 Eating Disorders is from MedLecturesMadeEasy Standard YouTube license
Chapter 7: Cognitive Development
Constructivist Theories
The section on Constructivist Theories is from Child Psychology Copyright © 2021 by Nicole Arduini-Van Hoose is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Introduction to Piaget’s Theory
Video 7.1 Schemas, Assimilation, and Accommodation is attributed to Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 7.2 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development is attributed to Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Video 7.3 Sensorimotor Stage of Development is from Social Science Explainer with a standard YouTube license.
Video 7.4 Object permanence is by Denise Domizi under a Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Figure 7.1 Pretend Play is by Ermalfaro, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Piaget’s Preoperational Sttage
Video 7.5 Preoperational Stage of Development is from Social Science Explainer with a standard YouTube license.
Video 7.6 Conservation Concept is from Professor Ross with a standard YouTube license
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
Video 7.7 Concrete Operation Stage of Development is from Social Science Explainer with a standard YouTube license.
Figure 7.2 Education in Iraq is by Aaron D. Snipe, flickr is licensed under CC BY 2.0
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
Video 7.8 Formal Operational Stage of Development is from Social Science Explainer with a standard YouTube license.
Video 7.9 Deductive Reasoning is from Fi3021 with a standard YouTube license
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The section on Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development is from Lifespan Human Development: A Topical Approach Copyright © 2023 by Meredith Palm is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 7.10 Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development in Social Relationships is from Sprouts under a Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Information Processing Theories: Attention
Video 7.11 Attention is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 7.12 Theories of Selective Attention is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 7.13 The Spotlight Model of Attention and Our Ability to Multitask is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Information Processing Theories: Memory
Video 7.14 Encoding Strategies is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 7.15 Information Processing Model: Sensory, Working, and Long Term Memory is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Figure 7.3 The Multi-store Model is by Jens Himmelrath (Uploader of original file was Kurzon at en.wikipedia), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Figure 7.4 Series of Numbers is by Krisztina V. Jakobsen, CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 7.16 Retrieval Cues is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 7.17 Free Recall, Cued Recall, and Recognition is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Chapter 8: Intelligence and Schooling
Introduction to Intelligence
Video 8.1: Intelligence is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Theories of Intelligence
The first half of the first paragraph and the second paragraph in “Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence” are by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
The Cattell’s Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence section is from Psychology. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial.
A portion of the second paragraph under Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence is from Psychology. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial.
The last paragraph in “Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences” is by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
Video 8.2: Theories of Intelligence is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
A portion of the Creativity section is from Psychology. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial.
Measuring Intelligence
Figure 8.1 under Measuring Intelligence is from The Noba Project: Intelligence. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
The “Measuring Infant Intelligence” section is by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
Most of the first paragraph in the Bias in Intelligence Testing section is from Psychology. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial.
The second and third paragraphs in the “Bias in Intelligence Testing” section are by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
Standardized Testing
Portions of the first and second paragraphs in the Standardization and the Intelligence Quotient section are from The Noba Project: Intelligence. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Figure 8.2: Distribution of IQ Scores in the General Population is by Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French. Provided by: College of Lake County Foundation. Located at: http://dept.clcillinois.edu/psy/LifespanDevelopment.pdf. License: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
The Roles of Nature and Nurture in Intelligence
The Range of Reaction section was adapted from Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). The source of intelligence. In Psychology 2e (Chapter 7, Section 7.6). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-6-the-source-of-intelligence. CC BY 4.0.
The second and third paragraphs of Genetic Contributions were adapted from Introduction to Psychology: Is Intelligence Nature or Nurture?, CC BY-NC-SA.
The section on Environmental Contributions was adapted from Introduction to Psychology: Is Intelligence Nature or Nurture?, CC BY-NC-SA.
Academic Achievement
The first two paragraphs introducing academic achievement are by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
The second and third paragraphs describing institutional environment and intrapersonal factors under the “Factors Affecting Academic Achievement” section are by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
The fourth paragraph on stereotype threat under the Factors Affecting Academic Achievement was adapted from Intelligence Robert Biswas-Diener is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The 5th paragraph on the Pygmalion effect under the Factors Affecting Academic Achievement was adapted from 13.6B: Teachers’ Expectations is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.
Video 8.3: Instincts, Arousal, Needs, and Drives: Drive-Reduction and Cognitive Theories is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 8.4: Incentive Theory is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Chapter 9: Language Development
Structures of Language
Figure 9.1 Structures of Language is by James J. Thomas and Kristin A. Cook (Ed.), CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Video 9.1 Infant speech discrimination is by misosoup666 under a genderal YouTube license.
Video 9.2 Talking Twin Babies is by jayrandall22011 under a general YouTube license.
Language and the Brain
Figure 9.2 Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas is by UX Stalin, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
The section on Activation of Language Brain Areas is from Child Development: Brain Building Course Book Copyright © 2018 by EarlyEdU Alliance is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Theories of Language Development
Figure 9.3 Infant Signs is Artwork by Marco Bruschtein. © 2014 Michael D. Fetters, M.D., M.P.H., M.A., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
The first two paragraphs on Learning a Second Language and Figure 9.4 are from Child Development: Brain Building Course Book Copyright © 2018 by EarlyEdU Alliance is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
The third paragraph on Learning a Second Language is from Biological Psychology [Revised Edition] Copyright © 2024 by Michael J. Hove and Steven A. Martinez is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Figure 9.5 Children Talking is by Meruyert Gonullu on Pexels All photos and videos on Pexels can be downloaded and used for free.
Video 9.4 Theories of Language Development is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Language Development Progression
Video 9.5 Infant cooing is by Miles2068 under a Creative Commons Attribution License (reuse allowed)
Video 9.6 Baby Sign Language is from Orlando Health under a Creative Commons Attribution License (reuse allowed)
The section on Joint Attention is adapted from 13.3.6: Strategies that Support Language Development-Joint Attention is shared under a mixed 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Todd LaMarr (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative).
Video 9.7 Infant-directed speech is by CloudMom under a Creative Commons Attribution License (reuse allowed)
The last paragraph under Language Errors is from Lifespan Development. CC license: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Video 9.8 Beyond the 30 Million Word Gap is from the McGovern Institute with a general YouTube license
Video 9.9 How do babies become bilingual is from SciScho Psych with a general YouTube license
Chapter 10: Emotional Development and Attachment
What are Emotions?
The first two paragraphs are from The Whole Child: Development in the Early Years. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
The section on Primary and Secondary Emotions is from Child and Adolescent Psychology Copyright © by Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 1 Primary and secondary emotions is by Krisztina V. Jakobsen, CC license: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Figure 10.2 Infant crying is by C.K. Koay’s photo, licensed as Attribution-NonCommercial, on flickr.
The section on Social Referencing is from Emotional and Social Development During Infancy Copyright © by Stephanie Hazen and Celeste Mazur is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The section on Emotional Regulation and Self Control is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 10.1 Marshmallow Test is from Igniter Media with a standard YouTube license
The section on Emotion Coaching is from Child and Adolescent Psychology Copyright © by Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Temperament
Video 10.2 Temperament, Heredity, and Genes is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Attachment
Video 10.3 Harlow’s Studies on Dependency in Monkeys is from Michael Baker under a general YouTube license.
Video 10.4 Secure and Insecure Attachment is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 10.5 The Strange Situation Procedure and Secure Attachment is from thibs44 under a general YouTube license.
Video 10.6 Avoidant Attachment Style is by Adam under a general YouTube license.
Video 10.7 Resistant Attachment Style is by Marie Coppola under a general YouTube license.
Video 10.8 Disorganized Attachment Style is by Brianna MacWilliam with a standard YouTube license
Chapter 11: Development of Self and Identity
Introduction to Self and Identity
Video 11.1 is from Khan Academy. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Development of Self
The paragraph on nonhuman animal sense of self is from Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition Copyright © 2020 by Dr. Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
Video 11.2 Self-Recognition is from Coolpsychologist with a standard YouTube license.
Video 11.3 Self concept is from drmpcfl with a standard YouTube license.
Video 11.4 Charles Cooley – Looking glass self is from khanacademymedicine CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 11.5 George Herbert Mead – the I and the Me is from khanacademymedicine CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Video 11.6 Initiative vs guilt is from Kalicia Jolly with a standard YouTube license.
The section on Self-Concept Across Cultures is from Children’s Thinking and Learning Copyright © 2024 by Kathleen F. Peets is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Figure 11.1 Joyful Child Running Outdoors in Summer is by Lucretius Mooka on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Figure 11.2 Photograph of a Group of Teenagers Together is by cottonbro studio on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Video 11.7 Marcia’s States of Adolescent Identity Development is from Tiffany Dickie under a standard YouTube license.
Development of Self-Esteem
Figure 11.4 Portrait Girl with Red Hair n White Dress is by Ron Lach on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
The section on Variations in Self-Esteem is from Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition Copyright © 2020 by Dr. Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 11.8 Self esteem self efficacy, and locus of control is from khanacademymedicine CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Gender and Sexual Identity
The section on Gender and Sexual Identity is by Sara Buie and Human Development Copyright © 2020 by Human Development Teaching & Learning Group is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 11.9 A class that turned around kids’ assumptions of gender roles is from Upworthy with a standard YouTube license.
Figure 11.5 The Gender Unicorn uses a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 / CC-BY 4.0 License.
Figure 11.6 Young Girls Playing with Toy Cars is by Polesie Toys on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Video 11.10 Gender Constancy is from Susan Perez with a standard YouTube license.
Video 11.11 Gender Schema Theory is from helpful Professor Explains! with a standard YouTube license.
Figure 11.7 The Kinsey Scale from unknown (Own work), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
Video 11.12 Demographic structure of society – sex, gender, and sexual orientation is from khanacademymedicine CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Racial and Ethnic Identity
The first two paragraphs of Racial and Ethnic identity on racial-ethnic identity and intersectionality are from Human Development Copyright © 2020 by Human Development Teaching & Learning Group is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Video 11.13 Demographic structure of society – race and ethnicity is from khanacademymedicine CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-Alike
Sections of the Minority Identity Development section and Bicultural and Multiracial Identity Development are from Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective. CC License: Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike.
Figure 11.8 Man in White Crew Neck T-shirt besides Woman in White Crew Neck T-shirt is by Grits and Thrills Studio on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
The section on Do White People Possess an Ethnic-Racial Identity is from Human Development Copyright © 2020 by Human Development Teaching & Learning Group is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Other Areas of Identity
The section on Other Facets of Identity is from Human Development Copyright © 2020 by Human Development Teaching & Learning Group is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Moral Identity
The section on Moral Development is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Video 11.14 Moral Development is from drmpcfl with a standard YouTube license.
Video 11.15 Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral development is from Sprouts; CC License: Attribution (reuse allowed)
Video 11.16 Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development is from Ericka IsAwesome with a standard YouTube license.
Figure 11.9 is by Hamlin, J.K. (2015) Front. Psychol., 29 January 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01563 is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
Chapter 12: Play and Peer Relationships
Introduction to Play and Peer Relationships
The Introduction to play and peer relationships section is from Noelle M. Crooks is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Social Cognition and Theory of Mind
The section on Social Cognition is from Children’s Thinking and Learning Copyright © 2024 by Kathleen F. Peets is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Video 12. 1 Social Cognition is from southeastpsyc with a standard YouTube license.
The section on Theory of Mind is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Figure 12.1 Theory of Mind by Bertram Malle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available in our Licensing Agreement.
Video 12.2 The Theory of Mind Test is from The Globe and Mail with a standard YouTube license.
The section on Autism and Theory of Mind is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
What is Play?
The section on What is Play? is from Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood Copyright © by Marie Parnes and Maria Pagano is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Figure 12.2 is by RichardMC (monkeys playing), puppies playing, HaiBaron (children playing) on Pixabay, Content License
Figure 12.3 Children Playing is by Lukas on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Piaget’s Theory of Play
Portions of the section on Symbolic Play are by Sara Buie under a CC-BY-NC-SA license.
Figure 12.4 Child climbing tree is by Ubaid Shareef on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Figure 12.5 Symbolic play is by Polesie Toys on Pexels, where photos and videos on can be downloaded and used for free.
Parton’s Theory of Play
Video 12.3 What are the 6 Stages of Play? is from Pathways with a standard YouTube license.
Early Peer Relationships
The 2nd paragraph about toddlers and the 3rd paragraph about middle childhood friendships is by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
Adolescent Peer Relationships
Figure 12.6 Functions of Friendship is by Florida State College at Jacksonville is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 .
Crowds and Cliques
Video 12.4 Cliques, Crowds, and Conformity is from drmpclf with a standard YouTube license.
Sociometric Status
Figure 12.7 Sociometric Peer Status is by Florida State College at Jacksonville is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 .
Bullying
Figure 12.8 Bullying is by Carlota Hernández Rosales, CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Figure 12.9 Bullying Circle (Adapted from Olweus & Limber, 2010) is attributed to Christine Pegorraro Schull with Canva, under a XX license WAITING TO HEAR BACK FROM CHRISTINE
Video 12.5 Bystander is by StopBullying Gov with a standard YouTube license
The section on Preventing and responding to Bullying is by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
The section What to do when cyberbullying happens is by Sara Buie, CC License: BY-NC-SA.
Video 12.6 How to Stop Bullying is from watchwellcast with a standard YouTube license
Chapter 13: Families
Family Structures
Figure 13.1 : A group of people walking down a street; photo by Hoi An Photography on Unsplash
Figure 13.2: A group of people walking down a street; photo by Aiden Craver on Unsplash
Figure 13.3: Man in black leather jacket carrying boy in black leather jacket; photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash
Siblings
Figure 13.4: A couple of young girls standing next to a tent; photo by Colin + Meg on Unsplash
Parents
Video 13.1: The Impact of Divorce is from TEDx Talks; CC License: Attribution (reuse allowed)
Parenting Styles
Video 13.2: 4 Parenting Styles and Their Effects on You is from Psych2Go; CC License: Attribution (reuse allowed)
Parenting and Behaviorism
Video 13.3: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards and Punishments is from Sprouts; CC License: Attribution (reuse allowed)
Try It is from Lumen Learning; CC License: Attribution 4.0
Chapter 14: Health and Wellness
Stress and Development
Video 14.1 Childhood trauma is from Sprouts. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Figure 14.1 Types of ACES is from the CDC in the public domain.
Figure 14.2 Accumulation of ACES is from the CDC in the public domain.
Video 14.2 How Childhood Trauma Affects Health Across a Lifetime is presented by Nadine Burke Harris and is from TED under the Creative Commons (CC) BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Figure 14.3 Preventing ACES is from the CDC in the public domain.
Maltreatment
Video 14.3 What are Child Abuse and Neglect is from the CDC in the public domain.
Anxiety, Depression, and Self-directed Violent Behavior
Video 14.4 Teen Brains are Not Broken is presented by Roselinde Kaiser and from TED under the Creative Commons (CC) BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
